The $50 boost to JobSeeker will take Australia's payment from the lowest in the OECD to the second-lowest after Greece
- Written by Peter Whiteford, Professor, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University
Fifty dollars sounds like a lot. But the increase in the JobSeeker unemployment benefit announced by Prime Minister Morrison on Tuesday is $50 per fortnight[1], which is just $25[2] per week. It will replace the temporary Coronavirus Supplement of $75[3] per week, which is itself well down on the $275[4] per week it began at in March last year.
It’s hard to see the increase as anything other than a cut, especially when coupled with another change which will allow recipients to earn other income of only $75[5] per week before JobSeeker gets cut. That’s down from the present $150[6] per week.
As the prime minister said, it’s better than it would have been if things returned to the level we had before special coronavirus provisions. At that time, recipients could earn only $53[7] per week before having their payment reduced.
But it’s not particularly generous. The Age and Sydney Morning Herald are quoting senior government sources as saying the $50 per fortnight increase in the rate was the lowest figure[8] the party believed would be palatable to the public.
Morrison justified the increase of $50 per fortnight[9] - rather than $150 (which would have kept what’s left of the coronavirus boost in place) or $100 or any other figure - by saying it will bring the payment to
41.2% of the national minimum wage, which puts us back in the realm of where we had been previously
Taking account of taxes paid and superannuation received by minimum wage workers gives a slightly higher replacement rate of 42.3%. That takes it back to roughly where it was at the end of the Howard government in 2007.
However, there’s no readily apparent reason why that should be a benchmark.
During the life of the Howard government the level of the single payment fell from around 50% of the minimum wage to 42%, meaning what’s proposed will return it to its lowest point relative to other benefits under Howard.
JobSeeker and age pension as a proportion of the minimum wage 1990-2021
Notes: Rates for single adult shown relative to net income when receiving a full-time minimum wage (deducting tax and Medicare levy, and adding employer superannuation contribution). Any casual loading not included. Rates shown at first of each month. Any rent assistance not included. Poverty line is half of median equivalised household income for non self-employed workers. Rates include coronavirus supplement and energy supplement, future rates are estimates.
Morrison also said the increase was the largest permanent increase in the unemployment benefit since 1986. It’s an increase of 9.7%.
During the Hawke and Keating administrations, the payment increased 23% in real terms. During the Whitlam administration it increased 50%. This means that while what’s offered is substantial by the standards of recent decades, it’s less so in the longer run.
But what about the supplements?
Morrison also argued in his press conference JobSeeker is more adequate than the base rate would suggest because
on top of that, if they’re receiving Commonwealth Rent Assistance, that payment would increase to $760.40; and on top of that, the average value of stand-alone supplements, the energy supplement and so on, is an additional $13.03. So the suggestion that anyone who was on JobSeeker is simply on that payment alone and there aren’t additional supports that are provided is not correct.
It’s true all people on income support receive the energy supplement (included in the figure above). But for a single person on JobSeeker, the supplement is only $8.80 per fortnight or less than 65 cents a day.
Many people do indeed get rent assistance, but after paying rent they become worse off rather than better off.
That’s because to get the maximum rate of rent assistance for a single person of $140[10] per fortnight (9% of the minimum wage), that person has to be paying around $310 per fortnight in rent. If that person is paying more, they get no extra help. The maximum is also lower for people in shared accommodation.
Private sector renters are amongst the worst off[11] recipients of income support.
Read more: Top economists want JobSeeker boosted $100+ per week, tied to wages[12]
Other supplements such as the remote area allowance are indeed available, but are of no help to people who do not live in remote areas and may be inadequate to cover the higher costs involved. Supplements for help with language and literacy are only paid to people in special educational programmes.
Producing an average that includes supplementary payments most people don’t receive is inherently misleading.
How Australia compares
Net replacement rates measure the proportion of previous in-work income that is maintained after several months of unemployment. They are the benchmark used by the the prime minister to compare benefits to the minimum wage.
Using two months in unemployment as the measuring point (and using the most recently published 2019 rankings) before the pandemic, Australia’s replacement rate was the lowest[13] in the OECD — even after rental assistance was added in.
Unemployment benefit, share of previous income after two months
Net replacement rates in unemployment including rent assistance, 2019 or latest available data.
OECD.Stat[14]
When the maximum rate of Coronavirus Supplement was briefly in force in 2020, Australia moved to around the OECD average.
The new rate from April 2021 will move Australia from the lowest to the second lowest, ahead of Greece only.
Unemployment benefit, share of previous income, after Australian increase
Net replacement rates in unemployment including rent assistance after two months, 2019 or latest available data.
OECD.Stat[15]
It should be acknowledged Australia’s system is based on different principles to many other OECD countries in which workers and their employers make contributions to and withdrawals from unemployment insurance.
Read more: $50 a fortnight rise in JobSeeker comes with tougher job search requirements[16]
But the difference in philosophy does not change the brutal reality that when Australian workers lose their job, their incomes fall more than in almost any other high income country.
Even after what the government has trumpeted as a historic increase, there will be few developed countries where people will be as worse off after losing work. Any permanent increase is welcome, but there is a long way to go.
References
- ^ per fortnight (www.pm.gov.au)
- ^ $25 (www.pm.gov.au)
- ^ $75 (treasury.gov.au)
- ^ $275 (theconversation.com)
- ^ $75 (www.pm.gov.au)
- ^ $150 (www.servicesaustralia.gov.au)
- ^ $53 (www.servicesaustralia.gov.au)
- ^ lowest figure (www.smh.com.au)
- ^ $50 per fortnight (www.pm.gov.au)
- ^ $140 (www.servicesaustralia.gov.au)
- ^ worst off (theconversation.com)
- ^ Top economists want JobSeeker boosted $100+ per week, tied to wages (theconversation.com)
- ^ lowest (stats.oecd.org)
- ^ OECD.Stat (stats.oecd.org)
- ^ OECD.Stat (stats.oecd.org)
- ^ $50 a fortnight rise in JobSeeker comes with tougher job search requirements (theconversation.com)
Authors: Peter Whiteford, Professor, Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University
