Albania's developing tourism industry could help stop its young people from leaving – and boost its economy
- Written by Ross Bennett-Cook, Visiting Lecturer, School of Architecture + Cities, University of Westminster
It has been more than 30 years since Albania opened its doors[1] to tourists, but telling a friend that you’re off to Tirana or Dhërmi for a long weekend might still raise some eyebrows.
Despite Albania making Lonely Planet’s 2023 best in travel[2] list, and various travel specialists[3] referring to the country as the Mediterranean’s “hidden gem” because of its pristine coastline and wildlife, Albania remains one of the least visited countries in Europe[4].
Despite its small size, Albania’s varied landscape offers an array of touristic opportunities. Its Adriatic coastline is home to beautiful beaches, not yet spoilt by hordes of visitors.
The interior of the country is wild and mountainous, boasting 15 national parks[5], picturesque remote villages and breathtaking alpine scenery. At the crossroads of various Mediterranean, Balkan and Ottoman empires, as well as having a history of communist rule[6], Albanian culture is a mixture of European and Middle Eastern influences, which remains evident in its cuisine and architecture.
So could tourism be an economic saviour for Albania and mediate the migration of its young people? Although visitor numbers are on the rise, the country is facing economic difficulties.
There are now “ghost towns” throughout the country. Kukësi in the north of Albania has seen more than 53% of its citizens leave[7], with reports showing that young people feel there are few opportunities for them[8].
According to a 2021 Gallup[9] poll, 50% of Albanian adults wanted to move abroad, with unemployment, low wages and lack of opportunities being listed as main reasons[10].
In 2022, the United Nations Development Programme[11] assessed Albania’s tourism trends and performance, finding that mass emigration is a significant challenge to the country’s tourism development. Around 75% of the hotels polled claimed that in peak season they would need at least 35% more employees than they are currently able to find.
Industry professionals in Albania feel that infrastructure, waste management and transport links are not at the level required to attract a large number of tourists.
Transformation through tourism
Many countries have used tourism for economic development[12]. After the second world war, tourism became a crucial way for many poorer Mediterranean countries to kickstart their economies.
In 1951, the Greek National Tourism Organisation embarked on a nationwide development initiative to construct tourist facilities across the country, the Xenia project[13]. Renowned Greek architect Aris Konstantinidis[14] was enlisted to design dozens of hotels, bars, souvenir shops and other attractions across the country, in the minimalist whitewashed style Greece is renowned for.
Greece’s image was transformed into a hub for international travellers[15]. At the start of the project, Greece hosted just 33,000 tourists a year – by the 1960s, that figure had increased by 1,098%. Today, tourism accounts for one-fifth of its economy.
Read more: Albania's ghost towns: the crisis that caused the exodus[16]
A similar strategy was used in Spain. An impoverished, isolated state at the end of the second world war, tourism transformed the Spanish economy. Not only did tourism provide an invaluable source of foreign currency, but the sudden influx of foreign visitors undermined the Franco regime’s grip on the country.
The arrival of international visitors sparked a cultural transformation[17], as ordinary Spaniards interacted with tourists they began to question and challenge the authoritarian control of Franco’s government. The introduction of tourism is often cited as the catalyst to the toppling of the authoritarian regime.
A growth in Albania’s tourism might offer young people alternative opportunities to those they seek by leaving their home nation. Travel and tourism employ more young people (14- to 25-year-olds) than any other sector, according to a World Travel and Tourism Council study[18].
And in tourism-dependent countries, jobs tend to become full time and permanent, appealing to people looking for financial stability.
Stunning landscapes
Albania has many of the elements required to become a successful tourist destination. It’s a beautiful country with good food and a wonderful summer climate. In 2022, a TikTok[19] trend sparked a boom in tourist bookings after people posted images of its stunning beaches.
But there are some challenges. For small and underdeveloped destinations like Albania, which may not have the infrastructure required to extensively develop tourism alone, help from outside investors is necessary - and that can come with its own issues.
While mass tourism can bring tourists, new hotels and restaurants, if developments are not locally owned the financial rewards may have limited benefit to the local economy, although they still provide jobs.
The World Travel and Tourism Council[20] found that the Caribbean’s tourism sector suffered from economic leakage of 27.5% in 2019. Journalist Polly Pattullo[21] said that on some islands this figure could be as high as 90%.
This means that this tourism-generated revenue leaves the Caribbean and does not contribute to the economy, due to hotels and tour operators being owned and controlled by foreign companies.
Perhaps Albania could take inspiration from neighbouring Montenegro, which seems to be successfully welcoming tourism. Like Albania, it is not a member of the EU, and has struggled with economic development.
The country has positioned itself as a niche[22] destination. Tourism now accounts for around 25%[23] of Montenegro’s GDP (compared to around 8%[24] in Albania).
Albania has a falling birthrate[25], and a struggling economy. For decades, the country sealed its population inside its borders, but these days many young people are desperate to leave. But an improvement in economic prosperity and jobs in the tourism industry might be a significant factor in changing that, if managed well.
References
- ^ opened its doors (www.latimes.com)
- ^ best in travel (www.lonelyplanet.com)
- ^ specialists (medium.com)
- ^ least visited countries in Europe (www.unwto.org)
- ^ 15 national parks (albania.al)
- ^ communist rule (albania.al)
- ^ than 53% of its citizens leave (theconversation.com)
- ^ opportunities for them (balkaninsight.com)
- ^ Gallup (news.gallup.com)
- ^ main reasons (europeanwesternbalkans.com)
- ^ United Nations Development Programme (www.undp.org)
- ^ economic development (theconversation.com)
- ^ the Xenia project (www.jotr.eu)
- ^ Aris Konstantinidis (modernminute.net)
- ^ hub for international travellers (www.cntraveler.com)
- ^ Albania's ghost towns: the crisis that caused the exodus (theconversation.com)
- ^ cultural transformation (link.springer.com)
- ^ a World Travel and Tourism Council study (wttc.org)
- ^ TikTok (www.edinburghlive.co.uk)
- ^ World Travel and Tourism Council (wttc.org)
- ^ Polly Pattullo (www.jstor.org)
- ^ niche (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ around 25% (www.trade.gov)
- ^ around 8% (blogs.worldbank.org)
- ^ a falling birthrate (balkaninsight.com)
