China’s latest diplomatic move will extend its trade, energy, financial and maritime power
- Written by Jose Caballero, Senior Economist, IMD World Competitiveness Center, International Institute for Management Development (IMD)
China’s billions of dollars in global investments and infrastructure projects[1] seem to be paying off politically and economically.
Just recently, Honduras signalled it is set to cut diplomatic ties with Taiwan, having been one of the few remaining countries[2] to recognise the island as a state. This switch of allegiances would be a coup for China, which sees Taiwan as part of its jurisdiction[3], but also a sign of diminishing US power in Latin America, since the US is a long-time supporter of Taiwan[4].
China’s influence seems to be everywhere. Days before Chinese president Xi Jinping flew into Moscow[5] to discuss the Ukraine war with Russia’s Vladimir Putin, China had brokered a deal[6] between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
The high-profile deal sought to re-establish diplomatic, trade and security relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia in an effort to de-escalate tensions and bring more stability to the Middle East. The agreement transforms the nature of China’s involvement in the region from one purely driven by commercial interests[7] into a security-related cooperation that can protect its growing assets and expatriate population in the region.
Commentators[8] see the agreement as a positive step but wonder about the influence that Iran and Saudi Arabia can have in lessening the internal conflicts in several nearby countries. This is particularly where they support rival[9] parties, including in Lebanon, Syria and Yemen. What the deal does highlight[10] is the rising influence that China can exert and the waning of the US’s power over the Middle East regional order.
Studies[11] have shown that political instability in neighbouring countries negatively affects the economic performance of a nation by disrupting trade flows and increasing defence expenditures while lessening investment, for example, in education. Under such[12] conditions, economic incentives can drive a peace-building process. Peacefully resolving[13] conflicts benefits countries not directly entangled in the disputes.
Read more: Xi and Putin meeting signals the return of the China-Russia axis and the start of a second cold war[14]
Since the 1990s, China has gradually become the largest trade partner[15] of the Arab region overall and the top trade partner of Saudi Arabia. China’s exports to Saudi Arabia[16] have annually increased at 15.3% year on year on average, amounting to US$905 million (£740 million) in 1995 and US$31.8 billion in 2020.
Meanwhile, over the same period, China’s imports from Saudi Arabia rose from US$393 million to US$33.4 billion, an average annual increase of 19.4%. In 2019, China and Saudi Arabia[17] signed 35 trade and investments deals.
Regional power plays
Similarly, China’s exports to Iran[18] have increased at an average 14.7% annual rate from US$276 million in 1995 to US$8.51 billion in 2020. And its imports from Iran have also risen by 14.5% annually between 1995 (US$197 million) and 2020 (US$5.85 billion).
By 2022[19], exports totalled US$9.44 billion and continued to grow exponentially in early 2023. Russia has recently overtaken China[20] as the largest foreign investor in Iran, but China remains its largest oil customer[21].
China’s main exports to Saudi Arabia[22] and Iran[23] include broadcasting equipment, motor vehicles and air pumps. Its main imports are crude petroleum, ethylene polymers and acrylic alcohols.
In the context of the Saudi Arabia and Iran reconciliation, trade with China is likely to continue to follow such increasing trends. If benefits from the agreement spread to other countries in the region, China could also gain from economic relations with those countries as regional stability increases.
There is already some evidence of such positive spillover. After the agreement with the Saudis, Iran is ready to expand cooperation, hopes rapprochement with Bahrain[24] will be possible, and is willing to improve relations with Jordan and the United Arab Emirates.
However it’s worth noting some commentators point out that previous efforts at reconciliation between Iran and Saudi Arabia were unsuccessful, while others question whether they will adhere to the terms of the agreement[25].
Belt and Road
As well as investing in commercial and transport infrastructure to make trade easier, the objectives of China’s Belt and Road Initiative[26] include the strengthening of its economic leadership and the improvement and creation of free trade blocks among countries along the investment route. The Iran-Saudi Arabia agreement will generate further benefits to China by boosting the initiative’s dividends[27]. Saudi Arabia’s strategic location[28] bordering eight countries not only provides an alternative route for energy supply to China but also makes it a vital partner for the initiative’s infrastructure investment, which deepens China’s presence in the Middle East.
Iran’s strategic position[29] provides it with considerable seaport facilities and has the potential for the development of an air transportation hub. China has already invested in the development of a 2,000-mile-long railway[30] from Xinjiang’s capital Urumqi to Tehran.
