why French households are largely protected from soaring costs while British families struggle
- Written by Renaud Foucart, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University
British households are bracing for a winter of massive energy price increases. The average annual bill is forecast to rise above £4,000[1], which is more than three times[2] what Britons were paying just 12 months ago.
French households, meanwhile, will barely see their costs increase. Their government[3] has frozen gas prices and limited the increase of the regulated price of electricity to an annual 4%. The total impact of the cost of living squeeze from higher energy prices this year will remain well below 5%[4] of consumption for all French households. For the poorest 20% of UK households, it could be more than 15%.
The difference between two neighbouring countries with interconnected electricity grids[5] is staggering. As part of my ongoing research into market regulation and the systems used to allocate commodities such as electricity, I look at how economic models can help us to understand policy problems. Most recently, I’ve been researching the French power market and comparing it to other models such as those of the UK.
By reflecting the actual market price of electricity generation, the Great Britain’s model (Northern Ireland operates on a different system) forces consumers to reduce consumption[6] and encourages investment in production. In contrast, the French approach uses a mixture of subsidies by the government and a public energy company, which costs taxpayers billions[7] and postpones big decisions[8] on energy efficiency and investment in future production.
But while the GB power market is certainly more efficient when it comes to energy consumption and production, the upcoming crisis shows it is far from perfect. To ensure all homes are heated this winter, the government faces a bold choice: sending billions in cash to households or learning some lessons from the neighbouring French market – even if it means sacrificing some efficiency.
Great Britain: free market, marginal pricing
UK energy regulator[9] Ofgem determines the maximum price an energy provider can charge households for the gas and electricity they use. This price cap, designed to protect consumers[10] from unfair rises, should also enable suppliers to buy energy on the wholesale market at cheaper prices to satisfy contracts with consumers and still make a profit.
Indeed, the wholesale price of energy is the main factor Ofgem uses to calculate the cap. This price varies depending on the type of power being purchased.
Under what’s called a marginal price model, cheaper sources[11] such as renewables[12] and nuclear[13] are used to satisfy demand first. More expensive forms of power such as natural gas are brought in as demand increases, but demand is nearly always high enough[14] to encourage gas generation.
And in free markets such as this, the most expensive unit consumed determines the price everyone pays. Since Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, the price of gas in the GB market has soared to more than six times prices[15] a year ago.
Unfortunately, the price cap model has meant that recent soaring wholesale gas prices have affected both consumers and suppliers. While oil and gas producers report record profits[16] due to rapidly rising prices, dozens of suppliers have gone bust[17] paying these prices.
To reduce the risk of further supplier bankruptcies, Ofgem will now update the cap[18] on a quarterly basis to enable suppliers to raise retail prices more in line with wholesale prices.
But recent rises[19] have affected consumers. In the past, retail rates could be fixed well below the cap, but increased gas costs have pushed power prices up so much that these deals have disappeared[20].
Average annual fuel bills, 2012-2022
Capping wholesale prices is not a solution. To avoid blackouts, energy companies must either produce or import every single unit demanded by their consumers. If producers cannot recoup the cost of production of the most expensive unit of energy, they will simply not deliver it.
High energy prices and the hope of future profits encourage investment in production[22]. The UK, for instance, is consistently ranked[23] as one of the most attractive countries for renewable energy development. Even so, the neighbouring French market is currently doing much better to protect its consumers.
France: nationalised production, price subsidies
On paper, the French system is also market-based: energy producers sell electricity to the firms that directly supply consumers, limited by a price cap[24]. The big difference from Britain is that the French government forces majority state-owned[25] monopoly producer EDF to offer more than a quarter[26] of its production to suppliers at a huge discount on the current wholesale price.
Historically, this cheap energy comes from an ageing fleet of nuclear power plants[27]. But recent[28] issues have forced EDF to buy back some of the electricity it had already sold into the market at more expensive wholesale prices to resell[29] to energy suppliers for less to satisfy its contracts with them.
Last January, the French government also asked EDF to increase the quantity of discounted electricity it offers to help French households cope with rising energy prices. Together with cuts in fuel taxes[31], this will ensure the French regulated price barely increases this year[32].
The French system is far from perfect, however. The significant cost to taxpayers is not transparent and electricity prices do not reflect the cost of the most expensive unit[33]. The absence of market incentives has also prompted the government to re-nationalise[34] EDF to ensure future investment in renewables and next generation[35] nuclear power plants.
As a shorter-term measure to protect consumers, the country has also introduced restrictions on energy use[36], particularly since it expects wholesale prices[37] way above what GB will pay due to nuclear production uncertainty[38]. But at least French families know their houses will be warm enough this winter.
To ensure the same for its households, the British might consider becoming a little more French by subsidising electricity. Both of the Conservative Party leadership contenders have hinted[39] they are willing to move in that direction by cutting VAT and green levies, but the price impact[40] would be small. Much more subsidies would be needed[41] to protect consumers.
Up until now, an alternative strategy has been to offer unconditional cash transfers, such as rebates[42] on council tax and energy bills[43]. Pursuing this strategy over the winter would preserve the efficiency of the GB market, but would be politically difficult[44] and expensive. The IMF estimates[45] the cash needed to compensate the 40% poorer household to be around 1.5% of GDP or more than £30 billion.
The GB power market is generally an ideal way to allocate consumption and production of electricity. But efficiency is not everything. A rich country that cannot warm its homes has failed its citizens and so further action is needed to ensure this does not happen this winter.
References
- ^ above £4,000 (www.ft.com)
- ^ more than three times (www.ofgem.gov.uk)
- ^ government (www.service-public.fr)
- ^ well below 5% (blogs.imf.org)
- ^ interconnected electricity grids (www.nationalgrid.com)
- ^ forces consumers to reduce consumption (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ costs taxpayers billions (www.lopinion.fr)
- ^ big decisions (www.iea.org)
- ^ energy regulator (www.ofgem.gov.uk)
- ^ consumers (www.ofgem.gov.uk)
- ^ cheaper sources (assets.publishing.service.gov.uk)
- ^ renewables (assets.publishing.service.gov.uk)
- ^ nuclear (www.bbc.co.uk)
- ^ nearly always high enough (www.nationalgrideso.com)
- ^ six times prices (www.bbc.co.uk)
- ^ record profits (www.bbc.co.uk)
- ^ gone bust (www.forbes.com)
- ^ update the cap (www.ofgem.gov.uk)
- ^ recent rises (www.moneysavingexpert.com)
- ^ disappeared (www.moneysavingexpert.com)
- ^ Ofgem Retail Market Indicators, House of Commons research briefing, August 2022 (commonslibrary.parliament.uk)
- ^ encourage investment in production (www.ecb.europa.eu)
- ^ consistently ranked (assets.ey.com)
- ^ limited by a price cap (www.service-public.fr)
- ^ majority state-owned (www.edf.fr)
- ^ more than a quarter (www.ouest-france.fr)
- ^ nuclear power plants (bilan-electrique-2021.rte-france.com)
- ^ recent (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ resell (www.marianne.net)
- ^ olrat / Shutterstock (www.shutterstock.com)
- ^ cuts in fuel taxes (www.vie-publique.fr)
- ^ barely increases this year (www.lemonde.fr)
- ^ electricity prices do not reflect the cost of the most expensive unit (investir.lesechos.fr)
- ^ re-nationalise (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ next generation (www.lesechos.fr)
- ^ restrictions on energy use (www.lemonde.fr)
- ^ expects wholesale prices (www.eex.com)
- ^ nuclear production uncertainty (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ have hinted (www.independent.co.uk)
- ^ the price impact (news.sky.com)
- ^ Much more subsidies would be needed (www.bbc.co.uk)
- ^ rebates (www.gov.uk)
- ^ energy bills (www.gov.uk)
- ^ politically difficult (www.ft.com)
- ^ estimates (www.imf.org)
