If you think less immigration will solve Australia's problems, you're wrong; but neither will more

Are we letting too many or too few migrants into Australia?

For 2019-20 the Australian government has cut^[1] the annual net migrant intake from 190,000 to 160,000. It’s a political decision, balancing the concerns of those who want much lower or higher immigration levels for a mix of social, environmental and economic reasons.

It’s an unsatisfactory and ad-hoc balancing act. Could there be more “science” in these decisions?

We’ve sought to come up with an evidence-based method to gauge the effects of migration. To do so we’ve used the internationally accepted framework for development planning, the Sustainable Development Goals^[2]. The goals cover major aspects of economic, social and environmental well-being, from decent jobs and quality education to good health and clean water.

We investigated three population scenarios: one similar to Australia’s recent annual level of net migration (about 200,000 a year); one much lower (about 70,000 a year); and one much higher (about 300,000 a year).

What our results show, perhaps surprisingly, and more by luck than design, is that recent levels of immigration seem to be in a “goldilocks zone” that balances economic, social and environmental objectives.

Our results also suggest migration is neither the problem nor solution in many areas where Australia is off-track, from government debt to environmental action.

Balancing competing agendas

Immigration policy is Australia’s de facto population policy^[3]. With the birthrate just keeping up with deaths, it’s migration that drives^[4] population growth. It’s why in 2018 the population passed 25 million, years earlier than previously predicted^[5].

Annual migration intake is set as part of the the annual budget cycle. The government treats it primarily as a short-term economic issue. But population growth has long-term impacts on many sectors, from health and education to infrastructure and housing^[6]. Population growth, particularly through urban expansion^[7], increases pressures on the natural environment.

Ideally, therefore, decisions about migration numbers and population growth should synch with long-term planning at the state and local levels to avoid service shortages, urban sprawl, vehicle congestion and infrastructure shortfalls^[8].

Read more: Solving the 'population problem' through policy^[9]

The question remains about how to make evidence-based policy that balances deeply divided views. Some strongly support high net migration due to the important role population growth plays in managing an ageing population. Others argue equally forcefully for reducing migration because it places a burden on infrastructure, services and the environment.

Using the sustainable development goals

To negotiate these differences, we chose the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)^[10]. The goals cover long-term targets in 17 major areas of economic prosperity, social justice and environmental sustainability. All member states of the UN, including Australia, have agreed to them as a shared blueprint to achieve by 2030.

Each goal area includes multiple specific targets – 169 in all. For example, Goal 11 (“Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”) includes the targets of adequate, safe and affordable housing and affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems.

Countries are not required to adopt all targets, but focus on those appropriate. We chose 52 targets relevant to Australia, covering all 17 goals and ensuring a reasonable balance of economic, social and environmental priorities.

Read more: Explainer: the world's new sustainable development goals^[12]

Using advanced modelling capabilities, we tested how achieving the targets by 2030 might be affected by different population sizes.

Overall, not a huge difference

The following chart shows our results in a single graphic. For our low-migration scenario, Australia’s population in 2030 is 27.3 million; for the moderate, 28.9 million; and for the high, 30.6 million.

Only in two goal areas – education, clean water and sanitation – do our results show Australia doing better than 85% achievement by 2030 under all three scenarios. Only in another three – health, gender equality and energy – do we do better than 50%.  

All scenarios had equal effect on eliminating poverty (Goal 1^[13]). However, the low-migration scenario did better for achieving food security and improving nutrition (Goal 2^[14]).

Perhaps surprisingly, for decent work and economic growth (Goal 8^[15]), the middle scenario scored the best.

In the centre of the chart are the overall scores of each scenario.

The high-migration scenario (39.4% progress towards all targets) is the lowest , but not by much. There is almost no difference between maintaining recent migration levels (40.5%) and significanly slashing the migration intake (40.6%).

This suggests that, on an equal balance across a broad set of competing objectives, recent historic levels may be about right.

However, these results brush over the range of trade-offs between different targets – some of which may be considered more important than others.

Compared against the low scenario, for example, the high scenario results in an estimated 1.7 million extra vehicles on the roads, increased water consumption (~600 million m3), greater urban sprawl (~60,000 ha), and higher greenhouse gas emissions (~15 million tons CO2-equivalent).

Poor performance in many areas

What is perhaps most striking is that, regardless of the population scenario, Australia isn’t tracking well on most measures of sustainable development. Other studies^[16] have concluded the same.

As already noted, Australia is doing well on health, education and water quality. But it’s performing poorly on climate action (Goal 13^[17]) and responsible consumption (Goal 12^[18]), to name just two.

Read more: Australia falls further in rankings on progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goals^[19]

Broadly accepted frameworks to measure progress^[20] and weigh policy decisions in contested areas is something we lack across the policy board.

Finding new drivers of job creation, addressing infrastructure needs, and tackling climate change are just some of the complex challenges Australia faces.

Ad-hoc, short-term approaches to addressing them are unlikely to often deliver optimal outcomes. Combining clear targets, a long-term perspective and advances in modelling might help.

References

1. ^{^} has cut (immi.homeaffairs.gov.au)
2. ^{^} Sustainable Development Goals (www.un.org)
3. ^{^} de facto population policy (www.pc.gov.au)
4. ^{^} drives (www.abs.gov.au)
5. ^{^} years earlier than previously predicted (www.ausstats.abs.gov.au)
6. ^{^} housing (theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} urban expansion (soe.environment.gov.au)
8. ^{^} urban sprawl, vehicle congestion and infrastructure shortfalls (www.smh.com.au)
9. ^{^} Solving the 'population problem' through policy (theconversation.com)
10. ^{^} UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (sustainabledevelopment.un.org)
11. ^{^} United Nations (sustainabledevelopment.un.org)
12. ^{^} Explainer: the world's new sustainable development goals (theconversation.com)
13. ^{^} Goal 1 (sustainabledevelopment.un.org)
14. ^{^} Goal 2 (www.un.org)
15. ^{^} Goal 8 (www.un.org)
16. ^{^} Other studies (www.sdgtransformingaustralia.com)
17. ^{^} Goal 13 (www.un.org)
18. ^{^} Goal 12 (www.un.org)
19. ^{^} Australia falls further in rankings on progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goals (theconversation.com)
20. ^{^} measure progress (www.sdgtransformingaustralia.com)