Is it time to ditch the private health insurance rebate? It's a question Labor can't ignore

This is part of a major series called Advancing Australia, in which leading academics examine the key issues facing Australia in the lead-up to the 2019 federal election and beyond. Read the other pieces in the series here^[1].

This election campaign, Labor’s health focus is expected to be on Medicare, which it regards as one of its defining achievements. But with almost half the population^[2] covered by private health insurance, Labor needs to tread carefully on this vexed topic.

Government subsidies for private health insurance premiums cost over A$6 billion a year^[3]. Is it time to scrap the rebate and redirect these funds elsewhere in the health system?

If Labor sees private health insurance as a system that provides unnecessary extravagances that Medicare won’t cover, it can’t justify this type of subsidy.

But picking a fight with the private health insurance industry would be politically foolhardy. And families have factored the subsidies into their budgets, so cutting or eliminating the subsidies would put further pressure on family finances at a time of wage stagnation.

Read more: Do you really need private health insurance? Here's what you need to know before deciding^[4]

We’re unlikely to see much of a discussion about private health insurance during the election campaign. But the party that wins government must commit to reforming the ailing private health insurance system.

How did we get here?

Private health insurance has been a contested policy zone for more than 50 years.

Gough Whitlam prompted a bitter debate over whether government health insurance should be for everyone (universal) or just for the poor (residual), when in 1968 he committed Labor to a universal scheme^[5] to replace the then residual model. The new universal model eventually became Medibank in 1975, then Medicare in 1984.

It wasn’t until the 1996 election that then opposition leader John Howard formally conceded defeat on this issue, acknowledging that Medicare should be for all. However, Liberal governments keep returning to “residual” rhetoric, arguing wealthy people should pay directly for health care^[6] rather than use the universal scheme, Medicare.

After winning the 1996 election, Howard opened a second front in the health-care war by reinstituting government subsidies for private health insurance^[7].

The cost of the first subsidy scheme – known as the Private Health Insurance Incentive Scheme – was estimated at A$600 million a year. Two decades later, the private health insurance subsidy has increased ten-fold to more than A$6 billion a year^[8].

Getting people to sign up and stay

Liberal governments offer carrots to encourage people to take out insurance^[9] – subsidies for premiums – but also use two sticks to penalise people for not taking out insurance. The sticks have proved to be more effective than the carrots^[10] in increasing insurance enrolment.

The first stick penalises the rich if they don’t have private health insurance. It is based on the “residual” ideology, that those who can afford to pay their own way should take out private health insurance and not use public hospitals. This stick takes the form of a Medicare Levy surcharge^[11], starting at 1% of income to be paid by singles who earn more than A$90,000 a year, or families on more than A$180,000 a year. People who have private health insurance are exempt from the surcharge.

Read more: Private health insurance premium increases explained in 14 charts^[12]

The second stick penalises people who do not take out private health insurance before turning 31. They have to pay higher premiums if they join later in life. When introduced in 2000 this scheme – known as Lifetime Healthcover^[13] – increased coverage from about 30% to around 45%^[14] of the population.

What is private health for?

Neither side of politics has confronted the fundamental question: what is the role of private health care and private health insurance, given we have universal health coverage?

Private health insurance can complement universal health insurance, providing insurance for services not covered by Medicare. Dental insurance is a good example.

Private health insurance can also be a substitute, where it overlaps with or replaces the public scheme, such as insurance for private hospital care for hip replacements. More than half of all hip replacements^[15] are done in private hospitals.

The Liberal approach is simple: private health insurance is both an essential substitute for the universal public hospital system (“it takes pressure off the public hospital system^[16]”) and a complement (“it gives people choice of doctor^[17]”).

Labor approaches private health insurance a bit like one might approach a dead cat on the table – as an issue that has to be dealt with, but that everybody wishes would just go away.

But private health insurance won’t go away. If Labor sees it solely as a complement, providing unnecessary extravagances not covered by Medicare, then the argument for any public subsidy is weak.

But if Labor sees private care primarily as a substitute, then the A$6 billion of subsidy to private care through the rebate may be better value for money than further support for public hospitals. If that is the case, Labor will have to confront the issue of whether to continue some combination of carrots and sticks, and what can be done to make the industry more efficient.

Time for real reform

Private health insurance premiums have risen dramatically, faster than average weekly earnings, as have consumer complaints.

References

1. ^{^} here (theconversation.com)
2. ^{^} almost half the population (www.apra.gov.au)
3. ^{^} cost over A$6 billion a year (www.abc.net.au)
4. ^{^} Do you really need private health insurance? Here's what you need to know before deciding (theconversation.com)
5. ^{^} committed Labor to a universal scheme (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
6. ^{^} arguing wealthy people should pay directly for health care (www.sbs.com.au)
7. ^{^} reinstituting government subsidies for private health insurance (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} more than A$6 billion a year (theconversation.com)
9. ^{^} carrots to encourage people to take out insurance (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
10. ^{^} more effective than the carrots (www.publish.csiro.au)
11. ^{^} Medicare Levy surcharge (www.ato.gov.au)
12. ^{^} Private health insurance premium increases explained in 14 charts (theconversation.com)
13. ^{^} Lifetime Healthcover
14. ^{^} 30% to around 45% (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} More than half of all hip replacements (www.cambridge.org)
16. ^{^} it takes pressure off the public hospital system (www.privatehealthcareaustralia.org.au)
17. ^{^} it gives people choice of doctor (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} promising to establish a Productivity Commission review (www.smh.com.au)
19. ^{^} freeze private health insurance premium increases (theconversation.com)
20. ^{^} subsidised peak (www.aph.gov.au)
21. ^{^} Private health insurance rebates don't serve their purpose. Let's talk about scrapping them (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} harder for public hospitals to attract staff (www.sciencedirect.com)
23. ^{^} pre-1996 levels (theconversation.com)